Розв'язання вправ та завдань до підручника - Англійська мова 11 клас О.Д. Карп’юк

UNIT 5

It’s Your Planet!

Ex. 1, p. 132

1. a.

2. I think the poet is not serious but in the modern society a lot of people believe that they can’t survive without all this things.

3. I quite agree because the more people have the more they need. Now we can hardly imagine our life without mobile phones, computers, vacuum cleaners, washing machines or TV sets. But only 50 years ago people could be happy and managed without all those gadgets and electric appliances.

4. As it is well known people need only a few things to survive. They are air, land, water, fire, food and, of course, friends. The rest are wants.

Ex. 4(a), p. 137

What interested me most was the information about an alternative source of energy. What shocked me most was the Frinton's belief that we will be able to produce safe GM food and buy milk that will never go bad and which contains proteins against illnesses as well.

What worried me most was the prediction of a change in workplace when robots replace a man in a factory, agriculture, building and construction, undersea activities, space and elsewhere. This might lead to massive unemployment.

What I consider most likely is that many people will be working from home through the Internet and the education will be performed via the Internet.

What I consider least likely is that soon we’ll be seeing fields of identical sheep,

genetically engineered for their meat and wool and the farmers will have to use synthetic soils and new forms of micro-organisms, plants and animals to feed Extra billions.

Ex. 4 (b). p. 137

I: But as I understand it, it takes more energy to initiate a fusion reaction that the process actually produces.

I: But if we interfere with the genetic structure of the food we eat, might we not also interfere with our own genetic structure?

I: Might not this lead the massive unemployment? How will people earn their livelihood?

Ex. 6 (a), p. 137

Climate change, Extinction of species and pollution of life-supporting air and water has become a growing concern for nations all over the world. Knowing how humans affect the environment will help us understand and address the problems better.

Water Problems

Water pollution is caused by dumping wastes into lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water. Harmful wastes may also soak into the soil, or drain or run off from fields that have been sprayed with pesticides. Pesticides are often used to kill insects and weeds in cities or on farms. Polluted water can spread many diseases. There is no ocean or sea which is not used as a dump. The Pacific Ocean, especially, has suffered from nuclear pollution because the French Government tests nuclear weapons there. Many seas are used for dumping industrial and nuclear waste. Britain alone dumps 250,000 tons of industrial waste straight into the North Sea. This poisons and kills fish and sea animals. «Nuclear-poisoned" fish can be eaten by people.

Many rivers and lakes are poisoned too. Fish and reptiles can't live in them. There is not enough oxygen in the water. In such places nil the birds leave their habitats and many plants die. If people drink this water they can die too. It happens so because factories and plants produce a lot of waste and pour it into rivers. So they poison the water. Factories use clean water. After the water is used it becomes poison which goes back into rivers, lakes and seas.

Pollution

Industrialization has been the hallmark of human progress. However, with industries have come a host of toxic gases that are being released into the atmosphere. Industries release gallons of liquid waste into the seas and rivers. Some of the effluents percolate down and reach the ground water and pollute it to the Extent that it can’t be used by human beings for drinking or cooking. Intensive agriculture and Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides are destroying the natural land and driving animals away. Besides adding to air pollution, the innumerable vehicles running on the roads add to noise pollution that has led to an increase in stress, anxiety and problems related to hearing. Water pollution has led to a decrease in the number of various aquatic animals. Several aquatic life forms are on the verge of Extinction. Migratory birds are known to change their course due to pollution or change in weather. Respiratory diseases in human beings is another price that we are paying for polluting the environment. Acid rains can kill trees, destroy crops and fish life in lakes and streams. Ingestion or inhalation of toxic substances increases the chances of having life-threatening diseases like cancer.

Deforestation (Destruction of Rainforests)

What is deforestation? The simplest definition would be cutting down trees in forests and rainforests so this is really a form of forest destruction that is usually done by logging and/or burning of trees. The biggest factors that contribute to deforestation are farms and cattle pasture. In many countries of the developing world population is growing, and as the population grows people need more and more room to Expand so many forests are cleared out. and on once forested areas now are mostly farms and savannas.

The biggest reason for concern is old tropical rainforests that are disappearing really fast. These ancient forests absorb large quantities of CO₂ which not only regulates climate but also helps in slowing the global warming impact. Rainforests and forests are not only important because of their role in climate they are also areas of Extremely rich biodiversity with lots of unique plants and animals that need forests to survive. Deforestation is also giving significant impact to climate change problem. The more forests disappear the less carbon emissions they sink but what is even worse is often use of slash and burn techniques. By using slash and burn techniques we are constantly releasing huge CO, emissions in the atmosphere. Industry and cars arc not alone as leading causes of global wanning; one major factor is also deforestation. One study showed that in just 21 hours time deforestation will release as much CO₂ into the atmosphere as 8 million people flying from London to New York.

Increasing population, industrialization and need of land for development of Expanding cities has led man to cut down forests selfishly. Not only are the forests home to a large number of animals, trees are also an important component of the water cycle. The roots of plants hold the soil together and prevent soil erosion. The global forest cover has shrunk to half its area in the last 11,000 years. During the period between 1990 and 2000 itself, the yearly loss of natural forests was 16 million hectares. Deforestation at such alarming rate has been a cause of constant worries for environmentalists the world over. 'Biodiversity' plays an Extremely important role when it comes to maintaining the life on Earth.

Extinction of Species (Endangered Species/Threats To Wildlife)

The variety and interdependence of all living things has led to the evolution of world. Man has been killing animals since the time he acquired the skill of hunting. Although in those times, hunting was the means for survival, human beings continued to kill animals even after they had learned to cultivate crops. The relentless hunting by human beings, sometimes for the hide of a cheetah or the tusks of the elephants, or simply to cook the tasty shark fin soup, has wiped out the Existence of a large number of animals in just a century. Besides hunting, human activities like environmental pollution and deforestation has led to the Extinction of a large number of animals and plants due to loss of habitat. Recent studies have shown that in North America, 37 animal species have become Extinct in the last 50 years due to human activities. Loss of habitat led to the Extinction of the Bali subspecies of tiger in 1937. According to the 2008 annual IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) report, there were 16,928 animal and plant species that are threatened of Extinction and the list keeps increasing every year. A lot of endangered species — fish, reptiles, insects, birds, mammals — are disappearing fast. By the year 2030, scientists report that 25% of all animals, birds and insects may be Extinct. The reason is Man that kills animals and destroys their habitats.

Climate Change

Just about a year back, I came across an article in which environmentalists Expressed their concerns that if the Gangotri glacier (that feeds river Ganges) kept melting at its current rate, the river Ganges would soon dry up. River Ganges is the holy river of India, which has served as a lifeline for centuries for millions of people on its banks. Rivers have played an important role in the survival of mankind, and many of them are fed by glaciers. Global warming refers to the increase in the temperatures of the earth due to release of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane from industries and vehicles. This phenomenon is causing the glaciers to melt at an alarming rate. Not just the Gangotri, but even the polar ice caps are melting at a faster rate than they can form. The result is increase in the sea level, and it poses a danger of drowning the low-lying areas. Some of the areas that may go under the sea if the sea levels kept increasing include Bangladesh, parts of Africa and even major cities like London and New York!

Ex. 6 (b), p. 137

Ex. 7, p. 138

Ukraine is suffering a lot of environmental problems. Many of them have been caused by economic, activities. There are many consequences of damaging environment. One of them is the water pollution. The Dnipro and others rivers are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial waste, all kinds of chemical elements and pesticides. Industrial enterprises of large cities waste harmful substances into river and sea’s waters. The emissions destroy fishing industry and lead to damage of wildlife. Another problem is the air pollution. For Example, pumping waste gases from a power station or metallurgical plants do not get rid of them. The waste gases cause acid rains. The nExt ecological problem is the problem of the Azov Sea. The Azov Sea is the special case. Because it is such a small sea, it becomes dirty very easily. Many industrial centers such as Mariupol, Berdyansk pour into the sea all kinds of chemicals. It naturally influences the state of the sea water and the shore line flora and fauna. But the most terrible ecological problem of Ukraine is Chernobyl. The effect of Chernobyl disaster is dangerous and tragic, because we don’t know up to the end all the consequences of radioactive contamination.

Ex. 1, p. 139

1. prevent: 2. protection: 3. prevents; 4. avoid; 5. protect.

Ex. 2, p. 139

1. a; 2. c; 3. b; 4. b; 5. b; 6. b.

Ex. 3a, p. 140

1. e; 2. h; 3. f; 4. g; 5. b; 6. a; 7. d; 8. c; 9. i; 10. j: 11. k.

Ex. 3b, p. 141

1. c; 2. b; 3. e; 4. d; 5. h; 6. j; 7. g; 8. f; 9. i; 10. a.

Ex. 4, p. 141

1. rainforests;

2. Extinct;

3. the environment;

4. the ozone layer;

5. GM;

6. pollution;

7. deforestation;

8. the sea level:

9. food chain:

10. global warming (climate change, deforestation, etc.)

Ex. 1, p. 142

ACTIVE VOICE

1. haven’t signed, have refused;

2. is, use, can help;

3. are driving;

4. produces, mixes, causes;

5. doesn’t slow.

PASSIVE VOICE

1. is affected;

2. have been emitted;

3. are being held:

4. is destroyed;

5. is reflected.

Ex. 2, p. 142

1. C; 2. A; 3. B; 4. D.

Ex. 3, p. 142

1. was taken;

2. has broken;

3. is spoken is being read;

4. had painted.

Ex. 4. p. 143

1. It was believed that the Earth was flat;

2. It is known that the earth is round;

3. It has been said that we are not alone in the Universe.

Ex. 5, p. 143

1. William is known to be a scientist;

2. Charles Babbage is said to be the inventor of the first computer;

3. Fleming to be a discoverer of penicillin by accident;

4. W. Roentgen was reported to have discovered X-rays.

Ex. 2, p. 144

1. b; 2. h; 3. c; 4. g; 5. a; 6. e; 7. f; 8. d.

Ex. 5, p. 145

Have you ever heard about the greenhouse effect? It works like this; sunlight gives us heat. Some of the heat warms the atmosphere, and some of the heat back into space. Nowadays the air surrounding the earth has become much warmer because the heat can’t go back into space. That’s why winter and summer temperatures in many places have become higher.

During the last 100 years people have produced a lot of carbon dioxide. This in the atmosphere works like glass in a greenhouse. It lets heat get in, but it doesn’t let much heat get out. So the atmosphere becomes warmer. Where does the carbon dioxide come from? People and animals breathe in oxygen, ami breathe out carbon dioxide. We produce carbon dioxide when we burn things. Trees take this gas from the air, and produce oxygen. But in the last few years, people have cut and burnt big of rainforest. This means there are fewer and, of course, more carbon dioxide!

As we see the climate in different parts of the world changes a little from year to year. These changes can he dangerous for our fragile planet which needs protection. Earth is millions of years old. much older than the humans. We know many of its secrets. Yet there is still much to learn.

Ex. 2, p. 146

Conversation 1: encourage, agree.

Conversation 2: recommend, decide.

Conversation 3: complain, advise.

Conversation 4: disagree, persuade.

Conversation 5: promise, remind.

Ex. 3, p. 148

1. e; 2. b; 3. c; 4. d; 5. f; 6. a.

Ex. 4, p. 149

1. B; 2. C; 3. A.

Ex. 1, p. 151

1. All the food for the wedding reception is going to be prepared by the bride’s aunt.

2. The hotel stuff doesn’t wash the towels every day.

3. The leaflets were being counted by his young assistant

4. A famous interior designer is redecorating their apartment.

5. The new laboratory has not been used by the students yet.

6. They believe that the terrorists have killed him.

Ex. 2, p. 151

1. suggest; 2. Explain; 3. recommend.

Ex. 4. p. 152

1. B; 2. C; 3. A.

Ex. 2, p. 155

Ex. 5, p. 157

1) despite;

2) this reason;

3) the first;

4) result;

5) the second;

6) unless we do so;

7) consequently;

8) in my opinion.

Ex. 8, p. 160

The Environment We Live In Will Change Dramatically In The NExt 50 Years

The poisoning of the world’s land, air, and water is the fastest-spreading disease of civilization. It probably produces fewer headlines than wars, earthquakes and floods but it is potentially one of history’s greatest dangers to human life on earth. If present trends continue for the nExt several decades, our planet will become uninhabitable. Overpopulation, pollution and energy consumption have created such planet-wide problems as massive deforestation, ozone depletion, acid rains and the global warming that is believed to be coursed by the greenhouse effect. The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear waste, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The Mediterranean is already nearly dead; the North Sea is following. The Aral Sea is on the brink of Extinction. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in the seas. Moreover, industrial enterprises emit tons of harmful substances. These emissions have disastrous consequences for our planet. They are the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains. And even greater environmental threat is nuclear power stations. We all know how tragic the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster are.

I agree that air, water, and soil are necessary for Existence of all living things. But polluted air can cause illness, and even death. Polluted water and air kill marine life, plants and animals. For Example, every 10 minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out for ever. On polluted soil, food can not be grown. In addition environmental pollution spoils the natural beauty of our planet.

Pollution is as complicated as serious problem. Automobiles are polluting the air but they provide transportation for the people. Factories pollute the air and the water but they provide jobs for people and produce necessary goods. Fertilizers and pesticides are important for growing crops but they can ruin soil.

Taking everything into account, people should have to stop using many useful things if they want to end pollution immediately. Most people do not want that of course. But pollution can be reduced gradually.

I strongly believe that scientists and engineers can find the ways to reduce pollution from automobiles and factories. Government can pass the laws that would make enterprises take measures for reducing of pollution. All in all individuals and groups of people can work together to persuade enterprises to stop polluting activities. Fortunately, people are beginning to realize that environment problems are not somebody else’s. They join and support various international organization and green parties.

In conclusion I should say that if we do nothing our environment will change dramatically in the nExt 50 years and only the participation and cooperation of the entire global community will suffice to provide for a clean and safe environment in the future.

Ex. 1a, p. 161

1. tropical forests;

2. natural resources;

3. bottle bank;

4. endangered species;

5. climatic changes;

6. demographic politics;

7. green projections;

8. ecological balance;

9. irreparable damage;

10. tidal energy;

11. shrinking habitats;

12. sustainable development.

Ex. 1b, p. 161

1. demographic politics;

2. ecological balance;

3. climatic changes;

4. tidal energy;

5. bottle bank;

6. tropical forests.

Ex. 2, p. 161

1. gave;

2. was given;

3. runs;

4. was knocked down;

5. was ruined;

6. will have my house built;

7. has all her cakes made;

8. has done her new hair-style;

9. had all the letters sent by my secretary;

10. had repaired his bike.

Ex. 4, p. 163

1. I; 2. F; 3. G; 4. A; 5. H; 6. B; 7. E; 8. C.